ПКОЯз АНГЛ Практикум по аналитическому чтению и письменной речи. Часть 1

Выберите возможные варианты: The most important of the various schools of structural linguistics to be found in Europe in the first half of the 20th century have included the Prague school, most notably represented by Nikolay Sergeyevich Trubetskoy (died 1938) and Roman Jakobson (born 1896), both Russian émigrés, and the Copenhagen (or glossematic) school, centred around Louis Hjelmslev (died 1965).

• разный
• вольный
• вероятный
• различный

Заполните пропуск: But it was Bloomfield who prepared the way for the later phase of what is now thought of as the most distinctive manifestation ________ American “structuralism.”

Выберите возможные варианты: According to the microlinguistic view, languages should be analyzed for their own sake and without reference to their social function, to the manner in which they are acquired by children, to the psychological mechanisms that underlie the production and reception of speech, to the literary and the aesthetic or communicative function of language, and so on.

• мнительность
• функция
• радость
• задача

Выберите возможные варианты: The aim of the grammarians was to explore how a word (an element of language) matched things apprehended by the mind and how it signified reality. Since a word cannot signify the nature of reality directly, it must stand for the thing signified in one of its modes or properties; it is this discrimination of modes that the study of categories and parts of speech is all about. Thus the study of sentences should lead one to the nature of reality by way of the modes of signifying.

• цель
• право
• желание
• задача

Заполните пропуск: The term hē grammatikē technē (“the art of letters”) had two senses. It meant the study of the values of the letters and of accentuation and prosody and, in this sense, was an abstract intellectual discipline; and it also meant the skill _______ literacy and thus embraced applied pedagogy.

Выберите правильный вариант: These works must be analyzed and studied in the light of medieval learning, especially the learning of the schools of philosophy then current, in order to understand their true value and place.

• просто
• в свете
• независимо
• легко

Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях? A) In certain conditions of intermediate illumination, the rod response and a weak cone response can together results in color discriminations not accounted for by cone responses alone. B) These effects, combined, are summarized also in the Kruithof curve, that describes the change of color perception and pleasingness of light as function of temperature and intensity. Подберите правильный ответ

• А — да, В — да
• А — да, В — нет
• А — нет, В — нет
• А — нет, В — да

Соедините части предложений:

• The effect of combinations of colours on an observer depends not only on the individual effects of the colours
• pleasure in the observer.
• When an affectively positive, or pleasurably perceived, colour is viewed after a less pleasant colour,
• it produces more pleasure than when viewed by itself, an effect known as affective contrast enhancement.
• Some colours induce a feeling of
• but also on the harmony of the colours combined and the composition of the pattern.

Выберите возможные варианты: Many languages contain expressions that use colour metaphorically (common examples in English include “green with envy,” “feeling blue,” “seeing red,” “purple passion,” “white lie,” and “black rage”) and therefore cannot always be translated literally into other languages because the colour may lose its associated symbolic meaning.

• доступность
• зависть
• ревность
• простота

Заполните пропуск: This was somewhat understandable in the case of Latin or Greek grammars, since here the task was less evidently that of intellectual inquiry and more that of the schools, with the practical aim of gaining access ___________ the newly discovered ancients.

Выберите правильный вариант: In the early 1970s the majority of the known grammatical treatises had not yet been made available in full to modern scholarship, so that not even their true extent could be classified with confidence.

• современный
• нравственный
• краткий
• устный

Заполните пропуск: One type, relatively distinct from the other two, is most responsive to light that we perceive as violet, with wavelengths around 420 nm; cones __________ this type are sometimes called short-wavelength cones, S cones, or blue cones.

Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях? A) On the other hand, in dim light, the cones are understimulated leaving only the signal from the rods, resulting in a colorless response. B) Furthermore, the rods are barely sensitive from light in the «red» range. Подберите правильный ответ

• А — да, В — да
• А — да, В — нет
• А — нет, В — нет
• А — нет, В — да

Выберите правильный вариант: What the two musical performances and the two utterances have in common is an identity of form, and this form, or structure, or pattern, is in principle independent of the substance, or “raw material,” upon which it is imposed.

• частоты
• высказывания
• слова
• мнения

Заполните пропуск: The number and variety of these theories demonstrates that no universally accepted rules apply; the perception of colour depends ___________ individual experience.

Выберите возможные варианты: The application of linguistic methods and concepts to language teaching may well involve other disciplines in a way that microlinguistics does not.

• применение
• использование
• распределение
• готовность

Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях? A) As education has become more broadly disseminated throughout society by the schools, attention has shifted from theoretical or technical grammar as an intellectual preoccupation to prescriptive grammar suited to pedagogical purposes, which starting with Renaissance vernacular nationalism. B) Grammar increasingly parted company with its older fellow disciplines within philosophy as they moved over to the domain known as natural science, and technical academic grammatical study has increasingly become involved with issues represented by empiricism versus rationalism and their successor manifestations on the academic scene. Подберите правильный ответ

• А — да, В — да
• А — да, В — нет
• А — нет, В — да
• А — нет, В — нет

Выберите правильный вариант: The goal of theoretical linguistics is the construction of a general theory of the structure of language or of a general theoretical framework for the description of languages; the aim of applied linguistics is the application of the findings and techniques of the scientific study of language to practical tasks, especially to the elaboration of improved methods of language teaching.

• структура
• лень
• выбор
• желание

Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях? A) In the 17th century, members of Solitaires (a group of hermits who living in the deserted abbey of Port-Royal in France) produced a grammar that has exerted noteworthy continuing influence, even in contemporary theoretical discussion. B) Drawing their basic view from scholastic logic as modified by rationalism, these people aimed to produce a philosophical grammar that would capture what were common to the grammars of languages—a general grammar, but not aprioristically universalist. Подберите правильный ответ

• А — нет, В — нет
• А — нет, В — да
• А — да, В — нет
• А — да, В — да

Выберите правильный вариант: The full significance of the work was not appreciated at the time. Saussure’s structuralism can be summed up in two dichotomies (which jointly cover what Humboldt referred to in terms of his own distinction of inner and outer form): (1) langue versus parole and (2) form versus substance.

• кредо
• терпение
• пропасть
• различие

Заполните пропуск: Thirdly, there is in the rules _____ definitions (sutras) of Pāṇini a remarkably subtle and penetrating account of Sanskrit grammar.

Соедините части предложений:

• They were also fearful that the description of these languages would be distorted by analyzing them in terms of
• of a general theory of the structure of human language than they were with prescribing sound methodological principles for the analysis of unfamiliar languages.
• After Boas, the two most influential American linguists were
• Edward Sapir (died 1939) and Leonard Bloomfield (died 1949).
• Under these circumstances, such linguists as Franz Boas (died 1942) were less concerned with the construction
• categories derived from the analysis of the more familiar Indo-European languages.

Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях? A) For example, it seem that the anomalists among the Stoics credited the irrational quality of language precisely to the claim that language did not exactly mirror nature. B) In any event, the anomalist tradition in the hands of the Stoics brought grammar the benefit of their work in logic and rhetoric. Подберите правильный ответ

• А — нет, В — да
• А — нет, В — нет
• А — да, В — нет
• А — да, В — да

Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях? A) This side of what was to become “grammatical” learning was distinctly applied, particular, and less exalted by comparison with other pursuits. B) Most of the developments associated with theoretical grammar grew out of philosophy and criticism; and in these developments a repeated duality of themes crosses and intertwines. Подберите правильный ответ

• А — да, В — нет
• А — нет, В — да
• А — да, В — да
• А — нет, В — нет

Соедините части предложений:

• Rooms and objects that are white or in light shades of “cool” colours may appear to be larger than those that are in intense dark
• than a “warm” room painted a pale orange in order to achieve the same sensation of warmth.
• People who view a display of unusual colours produced by special illumination may experience headaches and
• nervous disorders; tasty wholesome food served under such conditions appears repulsive and may even induce illness.
• A “cool” room decorated in a pale blue requires a higher thermostat setting
• or “warm” colours; black or very dark colours have a slimming, or shrinking, effect, as is well known to designers and decorators.

Заполните пропуск: In the best poems such formulas, far from being tedious, give a strong impressionof the richness of the cultural fund from which poets could draw. Other standard devices of this poetry are the kenning, a metaphorical name for a thing, usually expressed in a compound noun (e.g., “swan-road” used to name the sea); and variation, the repeating of asingle idea in different words, with each repetition adding a new level ________ meaning. That these verse techniques changed little during 400 years of literary production suggests the extreme conservatism of Anglo-Saxon culture.

Заполните пропуск: But St. Bede the Venerable, in his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (“Ecclesiastical History of the English People”), wrote that in the late 7th century Caedmon, an illiterate Northumbrian cowherd, was inspired in a dream to compose a short hymn ______ praise of the creation.

Выберите правильный вариант: Linguistics is the scientific study of language.

• изучение
• предмет
• намерение
• цель

Выберите возможные варианты: English literature is therefore not so much insular as detached from the continental European tradition across the Channel.

• материковый
• основной
• островной
• континентальный

Заполните пропуск: For example, it is not possible to stimulate only the mid-wavelength (so-called «green») cones; the other cones will inevitably be stimulated ___________ some degree at the same time.

Соедините части предложений:

• There were hundreds of indigenous American Indian
• developed from the end of the 19th century.
• Many of these were spoken by only a handful of speakers and, if they
• were not recorded before they became extinct, would be permanently inaccessible.
• There was especially good reason to take this point of view given the conditions in which American linguistics
• languages that had never been previously described.

Выберите правильный вариант: During the Renaissance the renewed interest in classical learning and values had an important effect on English literature, as on all of the arts; and ideas of Augustan literary propriety in the 18th century and reverence in the 19th century for a less specific, though still selectively viewed, classical antiquity continued to shape the literature.

• имитация
• частота
• вопрос
• влияние

Выберите правильный вариант: The term structuralism has been used as a slogan and rallying cry by a number of different schools of linguistics, and it is necessary to realize that it has somewhat different implications according to the context in which it is employed. It is convenient to draw first a broad distinction between European and American structuralism and, then, to treat them separately.

• дело
• термин
• цель
• право

Выберите правильный вариант: Yet in the Middle Ages the Old English literature of the subjugated Saxons was leavened by the Latin and Anglo-Norman French writings, eminently foreign in origin, in which the churchmen and the Norman conquerors expressed themselves.

• правители
• цари
• короли
• завоеватели

Заполните пропуск: The response curve as a function of wavelength for each type of cone is illustrated above. Because the curves overlap, some tristimulus values do not occur _______ any incoming light combination.

Выберите возможные варианты: Macrolinguistics should not be identified with applied linguistics.

• нужно проверять
• не нужно смешивать
• не нужно следить
• не нужно подменять

Заполните пропуск: The ability of the human eye to distinguish colors is based upon the varying sensitivity of different cells __________ the retina to light of different wavelengths. Humans being trichromatic, the retina contains three types of color receptor cells, or cones.

Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях? A) The most significant development in linguistic theory and research in recent years were the rise of generative grammar, and, more especially, of transformational-generative grammar, or transformational grammar, as it came to be known. B) Two versions of transformational grammar was put forward in the mid-1950s, the first by Zellig S. Harris and the second by Noam Chomsky, his pupil. Подберите правильный ответ

• А — да, В — нет
• А — да, В — да
• А — нет, В — нет
• А — нет, В — да

Выберите возможные варианты: Even in philosophical writings, popularly thought of as hard to combine with literary value, thinkers such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, David Hume, John Stuart Mill, and Bertrand Russell stand comparison for lucidity and grace with the best of the French philosophers and the masters of classical antiquity.

• сопоставление
• аппарат
• проект
• сравнение

Заполните пропуск: Virtually all Old English poetry is written in a single metre, a four-stress line with a syntactical break, or caesura, between the second and third stresses, and with alliteration linking the two halves of the line; this pattern is occasionally varied _______ six-stress lines.

Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях? A) Few poems can be dated as closely as Caedmon’s “Hymn.” King Alfred’s compositions fall into the late 9th century, and Bede composed his “Death Song” within 50 days of his death on May 25, 735. Historical poems like “The Battle of Brunanburh” (after 937) and “The Battle of Maldon” (after 991) are fixed by the dates of the events they commemorate. B) A translation of one of Aldhelm’s riddles is found not only in the Exeter Book but also in an early 9th-century manuscript at Leiden; it can be no later than the Leiden manuscript. Подберите правильный ответ

• А — да, В — нет
• А — нет, В — да
• А — да, В — да
• А — нет, В — нет

Выберите возможные варианты: Various areas within macrolinguistics have been given terminological recognition: psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, dialectology, mathematical and computational linguistics, and stylistics.

• простой
• разный
• различный
• сложный

Соедините части предложений:

• The modistae did not innovate in discriminating categories and parts of speech; they accepted those
• as a basis for the grand account of universal knowledge is less important than the breadth of their conception of the place of grammar.
• The great contribution of these grammarians, who flourished between the mid-13th and mid-14th century, was their insistence on a grammar to explicate
• the distinctions found by their forerunners in the languages known to them.
• Whether they made the best choice in selecting logic, metaphysics, and epistemology (as they knew them) as the fields to be included with grammar
• that had come down from the Greeks through Donatus and Priscian.

Заполните пропуск: The construction of sentences, compound nouns, and the like is explained through ordered rules operating on underlying structures ______ a manner strikingly similar in part to modes of contemporary theory.

Заполните пропуск: Earlier, the only non-Indo-European grammar _____ all widely accessible was that of the Hebrews (and to some extent Arabic); and Semitic in fact shares many categories with Indo-European in its grammar. Indeed, for many of the exotic languages scholarship barely passed beyond the most rudimentary initial collection of word lists; grammatical analysis was scarcely approached.

Выберите возможные варианты: The scholastic philosophers were occupied with relating words and things—i.e., the structure of sentences with the nature of the real world—hence their preoccupation with signification.

• подход
• занятость
• цель
• внимание

Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях? A) Another characteristic feature, one that was to be much criticized by Chomsky, was its attemptto formulate a set of “discovery procedures”—procedures that could be applied more or less mechanically to texts and could be guaranteed to yield an appropriate phonological and grammatical description of the language of the texts. B) Structuralism, in this narrower sense of the term, is represented, with differences of emphasis or detail, in the major American textbooks published during the 1950s. Подберите правильный ответ

• А — да, В — да
• А — нет, В — да
• А — да, В — нет
• А — нет, В — нет

Выберите правильный вариант: Many linguists have found uncongenial the combination of medieval Latin learning and premodern philosophy.

• ученость
• задачи
• вехи
• силы

Выберите правильный вариант: In both cases “structuralism” is opposed to “atomism” in the European literature.

• всегда
• три
• оба
• ранее

Выберите правильный вариант: The philologist is concerned primarily with the historical development of languages as it is manifest in written texts and in the context of the associated literature and culture.

• развитие
• дело
• намерение
• право